I. The status quo of industrialization of new energy vehicles in China
Energy bottlenecks and environmental pollution have become global problems. Traffic pollution has become one of the sources of particulate pollutants such as PM2.5 in China. The haze weather has occurred frequently, and the idea of ​​controlling vehicles is widely mentioned. Compared with restrictive administrative policies such as purchase restrictions and restrictions, vigorously promote and develop low-emission new energy vehicles, including pure electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs), fuel cell vehicles, etc. One of the important ways of pollution has become an international consensus.
Developed countries such as the United States and Japan have formulated national plans to promote the upgrading of the traditional automobile industry. The United States has introduced a series of new energy plans that will vigorously develop electric vehicles as an important part of implementing a new energy strategy. In 2012, the United States launched the EV Everywhere, a national innovation program for electric vehicles, and increased support for key technologies such as high-performance lithium-ion battery materials, plug-in vehicle technology, and lightweight technology. Japan has always been developing clean energy and renewable energy as an important part of the national strategy. The national policy has always given strong support to the development of new energy vehicles. It is planned to popularize the next generation of electric vehicles as the mainstay by 2020. At present, Japan's hybrid electric vehicles are the world's No. 1 in sales, and the process of industrialization of pure electric-driven electric vehicles is also the fastest in the world.
In recent years, the Chinese government has adopted a series of measures to promote new energy vehicles. On the one hand, the central and local governments have successively introduced various new energy vehicle subsidy policies to encourage consumers to purchase electric vehicles. On the other hand, through the formulation of the future target of China's automobile fuel consumption. Forcing vehicle companies to develop electric vehicles, as shown in Figure 1. In addition to policy guidance, the Chinese government has also used various opportunities to actively promote the use of new energy vehicles. Following the two major events of the Olympic Games and the World Expo, the National Two Conferences, the China Expo, the Davos Forum, and the Boao Forum have all held demonstrations of new energy vehicles. Domestic car companies have also been involved in the research and development, production, demonstration and operation of new energy vehicles and their industrialization process. BYD Co., Ltd., Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., Dongfeng Motor Corporation, Changan Automobile Co., Ltd., Shanghai Automotive Group Co., Ltd., China FAW Group Corporation, Yutong Group, Zhongtong Bus Holding Co., Ltd. (referred to as “Zhongtong Bus†") and Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd. have successfully developed a variety of cars and buses.
Figure 1 Future China's average vehicle energy consumption target Under the guidance of a series of favorable policies of the government, China's new energy vehicle research and development has shown a good development situation, and various auto manufacturers have also actively promoted new energy vehicles and achieved good results. According to the latest data released by the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, from January to July 2015, new energy vehicles produced 95,530 vehicles and sold 89,549 vehicles, a year-on-year increase of 2.5 times and 2.6 times respectively. In July, sales of new energy vehicles achieved a 3.3-fold year-on-year increase. The new energy electric vehicle market is heating up, and the power battery has entered a period of rapid development. According to statistics, the power battery output in the first half of this year reached 2.72GWh, nearly double the 0.94GWh in the first half of last year.
Second, the application of new energy vehicles to power batteries
The power battery is the energy carrier and power source of various electric vehicles. The performance of the power battery directly determines the performance of the vehicle. The power battery for new energy vehicles includes: lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, super capacitors, fuel cells, etc. In order to meet the application requirements of technologies such as new energy vehicles, power batteries need to have high safety, high energy density, high power performance, excellent cycle life, wide operating temperature range and low cost. New energy vehicles include hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FC-HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and pure electric vehicles (EV). Different types of electric vehicles have different requirements for power batteries , as summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 Requirements for power batteries for different electric vehicles It can be seen from Table 1 that the performance of lithium-ion batteries can meet the needs of almost all types of electric vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries are the best integrated battery in all current rechargeable batteries, and are currently the best ones for plugging. Batteries for electric hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles.
The negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery includes a carbon negative electrode material, titanium oxide, a composite of tin and carbon, a composite of silicon, and the like. At present, the negative electrode material of a commercial lithium ion battery mainly uses a carbon negative electrode material. Carbon anode material battery has the advantages of higher specific energy and better power performance, but the potential of carbon electrode is close to that of metal lithium. When the battery is overcharged, it is easy to precipitate lithium metal on the surface of carbon electrode to form lithium dendrites, and lithium dendrites will pierce the diaphragm. Causes safety hazards such as short circuits. At the same time, when the carbon negative electrode is firstly formed, the surface of the electrode is reduced to form a surface film (SEI film). The formation and repair process of the SEI film consumes electrolyte, causing an increase in irreversible capacity, and the battery attenuation is intensified and affects the service life of the battery. The lithium titanate anode material of the spinel structure has a lithium insertion potential of about 1.5 V, does not form lithium dendrites, has a volume strain of less than 1% during charge and discharge, and the nanometer lithium titanate battery has a large current charge and discharge capability. It can charge in a few minutes, and it is difficult to precipitate lithium dendrites even in a low-temperature environment. Therefore, lithium titanate battery has long cycle life and excellent safety performance, which can ensure the durability and safety of batteries in fast charging applications. Sex. Therefore, lithium ion batteries using lithium titanate as a negative electrode have unique advantages in applications where electric vehicles require high safety, high stability, and long life cycle.
Third, the industrialization of lithium titanate power battery
In 2008, Toshiba reported a 4.2Ah SCiB Super Lithium Battery (Super Charge ion Battery) high-power lithium titanate lithium-ion battery with a nominal voltage of 2.4V and an energy density of approximately 67.2Wh/kg (131.6Wh/L). The standard module consisting of 10 units connected in series has an energy density of approximately 50.4 Wh/kg (74.7 Wh/L). Under rapid charge and discharge conditions [25 ° C, 10 C (42 A) charge, 15 A discharge], charge and discharge cycle 3,000 times, capacity attenuation less than 10%. Fast charging with a large current of 50A, battery cells and standard modules can be filled with more than 90% capacity in 5min. The battery also has good low-temperature discharge performance, and can still discharge more than 80% of capacity at -30 °C.
In the same period, EnerDel and Altairnano of the United States also reported that their respective lithium titanate power batteries are suitable for electric vehicles and energy storage. The lithium ion battery for the 5Ah hybrid vehicle developed by EnerDel of the United States uses a spinel lithium manganate (LiMn2O4) material for the positive electrode. The battery unit can discharge more than 95% of the 1C capacity by continuously discharging at a rate of 50C, and the temperature of the battery is only 34.4 °C. At -30 ° C, discharge at a rate of 1 C can still release more than 90% of the capacity. In terms of cycle life, even at a high temperature of 55 ° C, even if 100% DOD 5C charge and discharge cycles were performed multiple times, there was still a capacity retention ratio of 95% or more after 1 000 cycles, showing excellent performance. The 10Ah high-power lithium-ion battery developed by Altair Nanotechnologies of the United States uses Li4Ti5O12 as the negative electrode material and lithium cobaltate (LiCoO2)-based material as the positive electrode. The charge and discharge cycle life of 100% DOD 10C is more than 20,000 times, at 50% load. In the electrical state, the output power density of 10s is close to 5 000W/kg, the input power density of 10s is more than 4 000W/kg, and it has excellent low-temperature discharge performance. Even at a low temperature of -40 °C, the average voltage of the battery still reaches 2.1V or more. Can release more than 60% of the capacity. The thermal stability of the battery is also excellent. Even at a high temperature of 240 ° C, the battery will not smoke, ignite or explode after 30 minutes of storage. Since then, lithium ion battery with lithium titanate as the negative electrode has become a hot spot for research and development by domestic and foreign companies and research institutes.
The working voltage of lithium titanate battery is generally 2.2~2.5V, which is about 2/3 of the working voltage of carbon negative battery. In the case of the same specific energy, the number of lithium titanate battery needs to be 1/3 more, so titanium Lithium acid batteries cost slightly more per watt hour. However, considering the service life of more than 10 years, the long-term use cost is greatly reduced. In recent years, new energy vehicles using lithium titanate batteries as power sources have been put into operation in China, and lithium titanate batteries have been localized. Domestic enterprises that have reported applications for lithium titanate batteries include Huzhou Weihong Power Co., Ltd. (referred to as “micro-powerâ€), CITIC Guoan Mengli Power Technology Co., Ltd. (referred to as “Xuguliâ€), and Zhuhai Yinlong New Energy Ltd. (referred to as "Zhuhai Yinlong"), Anhui Tiankang (Group) Co., Ltd. (referred to as "Anhui Tiankang"), etc., used in fast-filling pure electric passenger cars, plug-in hybrid buses, dual-source trolley buses Wait.
In 2011, Micro-Power launched 10Ah lithium titanate battery, which is used in fast-charged pure electric and hybrid buses. After more than one year of operation in Chongqing, it has traveled more than 50,000 kilometers and charged more than 2,000 times in Chongqing mountainous areas. Under the test of 44 ° C high temperature, the test attenuation is less than 1%.
In 2013, Mengguoli launched 8.5Ah lithium titanate battery. The battery capacity of the battery is 61000 times and the capacity is maintained at 90% of the initial capacity. The battery life is expected to reach 80% and 15,000 times. The 6C can be charged to 91. % capacity, 12C can be charged to 85% capacity. At the beginning of 2014, it was trial run in Beijing Shuangyuan trolleybus, as shown in Figure 2. Charge and discharge about 30 times a day. After one year of operation, the battery was tested randomly. The test data showed that the battery capacity and power were not attenuated after one year of operation, as shown in Figure 3. At the end of 2014, Mengguli provided 30 sets for the Beijing Public Transport Group. Lithium titanate battery system.
Figure 2 Mengli Li's lithium titanate battery and running vehicle for Beijing Public Transport Group
Figure 3 Capacity and power curve of Mengli Lithium Titanate Battery after one year of operation In 2010, Zhuhai Yinlong acquired a 51% stake in Altair Nanotechnologies, which has advanced lithium titanate battery technology, and began to produce lithium titanate batteries. The main products are 180Ah ring cells and 45Ah cylindrical batteries, which are used for energy storage and electric power. Automotive field. According to reports, 500 pure electric buses were put in Zhuhai at the end of 2014.
At present, the performance of domestic lithium titanate battery is not much different from that of foreign countries. The lithium titanate battery has the advantages of fast charging, long life, high safety and good low temperature characteristics, and is gradually gaining favor in the field of new energy vehicles. Beiqi Foton Motor Co., Ltd., Zhongtong Bus, Jinlong United Automobile Industry (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Xiamen Jinlong Automobile Group Co., Ltd., Anhui Ankai Automobile Co., Ltd., Ningbo CSR Times Sensing Technology Co., Ltd., etc. The factory has successively launched new energy buses for lithium titanate power batteries.
Fourth, the application prospects of lithium titanate power battery
According to the National Development and Reform Commission, in 2015, we will strive to build a charging network with an average service radius of 5kg in Beijing's Sixth Ring Road. The next step will be to build charging stations in the public parking lots and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Expressway service area. At that time, the fast charging advantage of lithium titanate battery will be fully utilized, and the large area coverage of the charging network in the future will enable the electric vehicle equipped with lithium titanate battery to be charged at any time and anywhere, and people will gradually dilute the energy density of lithium titanate battery. Requirements. With the diminishing subsidy policy in the future, it is believed that lithium titanate power batteries with low cost and safe and reliable single cycle in the future will be widely used as the leader in the battery field.
In addition to the field of new energy vehicles, lithium titanate batteries will also demonstrate application advantages in the field of energy storage and rail transportation. In October 2014, Toshiba announced that it had received an order for 10,000 units of battery cells with an output of 10kW and a capacity of 9.9kWh from the electric service company ENERES. In November 2014, Toshiba announced that it will provide a 40 MW power storage system for the "Western Sendai Substation Frequency Change Countermeasure Battery System Empirical Project" implemented by Japan Tohoku Electric Power Co., Ltd. When the capacity is 20 MW, the 20Ah battery unit SCiB is used. The power storage system is used to cope with the frequency variation of wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation whose output power varies with meteorological conditions.
In the rail transit field, in December 2014, Toshiba announced that it has supplied the Traction Energy Storage System (TESS) to Tobu Railway Corporation. When the train enters the station, TESS will store the traction energy generated by the train deceleration and release it when it accelerates away from the station. In 2014, China CITIC Guoan Meng Gu Li provided a lithium titanate battery system as a power auxiliary power source for the long passenger train. It operates in the alpine region of northeast China. The working condition is 9C charging and 10C discharging. When the train enters the station, the battery system recovers the traction energy generated by the deceleration of the train and accelerates the release of electric energy when leaving the station. Considering the low temperature performance, safety and longevity of the battery as the main requirement, the lithium titanate battery will become the most suitable choice for the start and backup of the motor.
Lithium titanate batteries have entered the market with their own significant advantages, and will be tested by the market, and the final results are still waiting for the market to judge.
Energy bottlenecks and environmental pollution have become global problems. Traffic pollution has become one of the sources of particulate pollutants such as PM2.5 in China. The haze weather has occurred frequently, and the idea of ​​controlling vehicles is widely mentioned. Compared with restrictive administrative policies such as purchase restrictions and restrictions, vigorously promote and develop low-emission new energy vehicles, including pure electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs), fuel cell vehicles, etc. One of the important ways of pollution has become an international consensus.
Developed countries such as the United States and Japan have formulated national plans to promote the upgrading of the traditional automobile industry. The United States has introduced a series of new energy plans that will vigorously develop electric vehicles as an important part of implementing a new energy strategy. In 2012, the United States launched the EV Everywhere, a national innovation program for electric vehicles, and increased support for key technologies such as high-performance lithium-ion battery materials, plug-in vehicle technology, and lightweight technology. Japan has always been developing clean energy and renewable energy as an important part of the national strategy. The national policy has always given strong support to the development of new energy vehicles. It is planned to popularize the next generation of electric vehicles as the mainstay by 2020. At present, Japan's hybrid electric vehicles are the world's No. 1 in sales, and the process of industrialization of pure electric-driven electric vehicles is also the fastest in the world.
In recent years, the Chinese government has adopted a series of measures to promote new energy vehicles. On the one hand, the central and local governments have successively introduced various new energy vehicle subsidy policies to encourage consumers to purchase electric vehicles. On the other hand, through the formulation of the future target of China's automobile fuel consumption. Forcing vehicle companies to develop electric vehicles, as shown in Figure 1. In addition to policy guidance, the Chinese government has also used various opportunities to actively promote the use of new energy vehicles. Following the two major events of the Olympic Games and the World Expo, the National Two Conferences, the China Expo, the Davos Forum, and the Boao Forum have all held demonstrations of new energy vehicles. Domestic car companies have also been involved in the research and development, production, demonstration and operation of new energy vehicles and their industrialization process. BYD Co., Ltd., Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., Dongfeng Motor Corporation, Changan Automobile Co., Ltd., Shanghai Automotive Group Co., Ltd., China FAW Group Corporation, Yutong Group, Zhongtong Bus Holding Co., Ltd. (referred to as “Zhongtong Bus†") and Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd. have successfully developed a variety of cars and buses.
Figure 1 Future China's average vehicle energy consumption target
Second, the application of new energy vehicles to power batteries
The power battery is the energy carrier and power source of various electric vehicles. The performance of the power battery directly determines the performance of the vehicle. The power battery for new energy vehicles includes: lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, super capacitors, fuel cells, etc. In order to meet the application requirements of technologies such as new energy vehicles, power batteries need to have high safety, high energy density, high power performance, excellent cycle life, wide operating temperature range and low cost. New energy vehicles include hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FC-HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and pure electric vehicles (EV). Different types of electric vehicles have different requirements for power batteries , as summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 Requirements for power batteries for different electric vehicles
The negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery includes a carbon negative electrode material, titanium oxide, a composite of tin and carbon, a composite of silicon, and the like. At present, the negative electrode material of a commercial lithium ion battery mainly uses a carbon negative electrode material. Carbon anode material battery has the advantages of higher specific energy and better power performance, but the potential of carbon electrode is close to that of metal lithium. When the battery is overcharged, it is easy to precipitate lithium metal on the surface of carbon electrode to form lithium dendrites, and lithium dendrites will pierce the diaphragm. Causes safety hazards such as short circuits. At the same time, when the carbon negative electrode is firstly formed, the surface of the electrode is reduced to form a surface film (SEI film). The formation and repair process of the SEI film consumes electrolyte, causing an increase in irreversible capacity, and the battery attenuation is intensified and affects the service life of the battery. The lithium titanate anode material of the spinel structure has a lithium insertion potential of about 1.5 V, does not form lithium dendrites, has a volume strain of less than 1% during charge and discharge, and the nanometer lithium titanate battery has a large current charge and discharge capability. It can charge in a few minutes, and it is difficult to precipitate lithium dendrites even in a low-temperature environment. Therefore, lithium titanate battery has long cycle life and excellent safety performance, which can ensure the durability and safety of batteries in fast charging applications. Sex. Therefore, lithium ion batteries using lithium titanate as a negative electrode have unique advantages in applications where electric vehicles require high safety, high stability, and long life cycle.
Third, the industrialization of lithium titanate power battery
In 2008, Toshiba reported a 4.2Ah SCiB Super Lithium Battery (Super Charge ion Battery) high-power lithium titanate lithium-ion battery with a nominal voltage of 2.4V and an energy density of approximately 67.2Wh/kg (131.6Wh/L). The standard module consisting of 10 units connected in series has an energy density of approximately 50.4 Wh/kg (74.7 Wh/L). Under rapid charge and discharge conditions [25 ° C, 10 C (42 A) charge, 15 A discharge], charge and discharge cycle 3,000 times, capacity attenuation less than 10%. Fast charging with a large current of 50A, battery cells and standard modules can be filled with more than 90% capacity in 5min. The battery also has good low-temperature discharge performance, and can still discharge more than 80% of capacity at -30 °C.
In the same period, EnerDel and Altairnano of the United States also reported that their respective lithium titanate power batteries are suitable for electric vehicles and energy storage. The lithium ion battery for the 5Ah hybrid vehicle developed by EnerDel of the United States uses a spinel lithium manganate (LiMn2O4) material for the positive electrode. The battery unit can discharge more than 95% of the 1C capacity by continuously discharging at a rate of 50C, and the temperature of the battery is only 34.4 °C. At -30 ° C, discharge at a rate of 1 C can still release more than 90% of the capacity. In terms of cycle life, even at a high temperature of 55 ° C, even if 100% DOD 5C charge and discharge cycles were performed multiple times, there was still a capacity retention ratio of 95% or more after 1 000 cycles, showing excellent performance. The 10Ah high-power lithium-ion battery developed by Altair Nanotechnologies of the United States uses Li4Ti5O12 as the negative electrode material and lithium cobaltate (LiCoO2)-based material as the positive electrode. The charge and discharge cycle life of 100% DOD 10C is more than 20,000 times, at 50% load. In the electrical state, the output power density of 10s is close to 5 000W/kg, the input power density of 10s is more than 4 000W/kg, and it has excellent low-temperature discharge performance. Even at a low temperature of -40 °C, the average voltage of the battery still reaches 2.1V or more. Can release more than 60% of the capacity. The thermal stability of the battery is also excellent. Even at a high temperature of 240 ° C, the battery will not smoke, ignite or explode after 30 minutes of storage. Since then, lithium ion battery with lithium titanate as the negative electrode has become a hot spot for research and development by domestic and foreign companies and research institutes.
The working voltage of lithium titanate battery is generally 2.2~2.5V, which is about 2/3 of the working voltage of carbon negative battery. In the case of the same specific energy, the number of lithium titanate battery needs to be 1/3 more, so titanium Lithium acid batteries cost slightly more per watt hour. However, considering the service life of more than 10 years, the long-term use cost is greatly reduced. In recent years, new energy vehicles using lithium titanate batteries as power sources have been put into operation in China, and lithium titanate batteries have been localized. Domestic enterprises that have reported applications for lithium titanate batteries include Huzhou Weihong Power Co., Ltd. (referred to as “micro-powerâ€), CITIC Guoan Mengli Power Technology Co., Ltd. (referred to as “Xuguliâ€), and Zhuhai Yinlong New Energy Ltd. (referred to as "Zhuhai Yinlong"), Anhui Tiankang (Group) Co., Ltd. (referred to as "Anhui Tiankang"), etc., used in fast-filling pure electric passenger cars, plug-in hybrid buses, dual-source trolley buses Wait.
In 2011, Micro-Power launched 10Ah lithium titanate battery, which is used in fast-charged pure electric and hybrid buses. After more than one year of operation in Chongqing, it has traveled more than 50,000 kilometers and charged more than 2,000 times in Chongqing mountainous areas. Under the test of 44 ° C high temperature, the test attenuation is less than 1%.
In 2013, Mengguoli launched 8.5Ah lithium titanate battery. The battery capacity of the battery is 61000 times and the capacity is maintained at 90% of the initial capacity. The battery life is expected to reach 80% and 15,000 times. The 6C can be charged to 91. % capacity, 12C can be charged to 85% capacity. At the beginning of 2014, it was trial run in Beijing Shuangyuan trolleybus, as shown in Figure 2. Charge and discharge about 30 times a day. After one year of operation, the battery was tested randomly. The test data showed that the battery capacity and power were not attenuated after one year of operation, as shown in Figure 3. At the end of 2014, Mengguli provided 30 sets for the Beijing Public Transport Group. Lithium titanate battery system.
Figure 2 Mengli Li's lithium titanate battery and running vehicle for Beijing Public Transport Group
Figure 3 Capacity and power curve of Mengli Lithium Titanate Battery after one year of operation
At present, the performance of domestic lithium titanate battery is not much different from that of foreign countries. The lithium titanate battery has the advantages of fast charging, long life, high safety and good low temperature characteristics, and is gradually gaining favor in the field of new energy vehicles. Beiqi Foton Motor Co., Ltd., Zhongtong Bus, Jinlong United Automobile Industry (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Xiamen Jinlong Automobile Group Co., Ltd., Anhui Ankai Automobile Co., Ltd., Ningbo CSR Times Sensing Technology Co., Ltd., etc. The factory has successively launched new energy buses for lithium titanate power batteries.
Fourth, the application prospects of lithium titanate power battery
According to the National Development and Reform Commission, in 2015, we will strive to build a charging network with an average service radius of 5kg in Beijing's Sixth Ring Road. The next step will be to build charging stations in the public parking lots and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Expressway service area. At that time, the fast charging advantage of lithium titanate battery will be fully utilized, and the large area coverage of the charging network in the future will enable the electric vehicle equipped with lithium titanate battery to be charged at any time and anywhere, and people will gradually dilute the energy density of lithium titanate battery. Requirements. With the diminishing subsidy policy in the future, it is believed that lithium titanate power batteries with low cost and safe and reliable single cycle in the future will be widely used as the leader in the battery field.
In addition to the field of new energy vehicles, lithium titanate batteries will also demonstrate application advantages in the field of energy storage and rail transportation. In October 2014, Toshiba announced that it had received an order for 10,000 units of battery cells with an output of 10kW and a capacity of 9.9kWh from the electric service company ENERES. In November 2014, Toshiba announced that it will provide a 40 MW power storage system for the "Western Sendai Substation Frequency Change Countermeasure Battery System Empirical Project" implemented by Japan Tohoku Electric Power Co., Ltd. When the capacity is 20 MW, the 20Ah battery unit SCiB is used. The power storage system is used to cope with the frequency variation of wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation whose output power varies with meteorological conditions.
In the rail transit field, in December 2014, Toshiba announced that it has supplied the Traction Energy Storage System (TESS) to Tobu Railway Corporation. When the train enters the station, TESS will store the traction energy generated by the train deceleration and release it when it accelerates away from the station. In 2014, China CITIC Guoan Meng Gu Li provided a lithium titanate battery system as a power auxiliary power source for the long passenger train. It operates in the alpine region of northeast China. The working condition is 9C charging and 10C discharging. When the train enters the station, the battery system recovers the traction energy generated by the deceleration of the train and accelerates the release of electric energy when leaving the station. Considering the low temperature performance, safety and longevity of the battery as the main requirement, the lithium titanate battery will become the most suitable choice for the start and backup of the motor.
Lithium titanate batteries have entered the market with their own significant advantages, and will be tested by the market, and the final results are still waiting for the market to judge.
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