China's agricultural fertilizer use for the first time in 43 years to achieve negative growth

The application of farmyard manure is the essence of traditional farming civilization. Fertilizer is a general term for a class of substances that provide nutrients to plants. In the era of ancient slash-and-burn, the industrious people learned to leave the plant incineration and leave the mineral nutrients into the next season to provide nutrients. By the spring and autumn, more mature fertilization and fertilization techniques have been formed. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Chinese outstanding agronomist Jia Sizhen wrote "Qi Min Yao Shu", which has comprehensively expounded the types, characteristics, methods of accumulation and application methods of fertilization, emphasizing the application method of base fertilizer for "thick manure, manure should be cooked" , as well as the "fecal method" of the manure application technology and the green manure technology. The ancient fertilizer varieties not only include various animal feces, bones, silkworms, silkworm cocoons, but also have the habit of "cutting artemisia and fertilizing fertilizers". In the river basins, there is also a widespread practice of using pond mud to compost. In "Qi Min Yao Shu", it is emphasized that the green fertilization spring valley can receive 10 stones per mu, and the yield of the millet is generally more than 2 times. In the Jin Dynasty, "Guangzhi" introduced the technology of paddy field as a green manure. In 1911, the American scientist King (King) in the book "Millennium Farmers" believed that the mystery of China as the world's great empire and the millennium is the application of farmyard manure.

Fertilizer is the embodiment of the achievements of national industrial modernization. Invented in Europe, fertilizer is an important symbol of industrial civilization. In 1800, the United Kingdom recovered ammonium sulfate from industrial coking as a fertilizer. In 1861, Germany extracted potassium chloride from seawater. In 1908, Germany invented a modern ammonia synthesis process. The application of chemical fertilizers doubled the population of Europe and became the center of the world economy. The main raw material of nitrogen fertilizer in chemical fertilizer comes from the atmosphere, and the raw materials of other fertilizers are mainly minerals. Nitrogen production is similar to the biological nitrogen fixation mechanism in traditional agriculture. The high temperature and high pressure and catalysts are used to convert the inert N2 in the atmosphere into active NO3- and NH4+ that can be utilized by crops, but the ammonia plant built on a 10-hectare land can be produced every day. 3000 tons of N, can meet the production of 600,000 kilograms per mu of 60,000 mu of farmland, which is 3000 times more efficient than traditional biological nitrogen fixation. Other fertilizer raw materials are also derived from natural minerals, such as phosphate rock, potash ore, magnesium ore, etc., through modern industrial technology, such as thermal decomposition, acid dissolution, etc. can greatly improve production capacity. Fertilizers have transformed farmland from a long cycle of fallow fertility-reproduction to a short cycle that does not require continuous fertilization, which has greatly increased the frequency and yield of farmland food production.

At the beginning of the founding of New China, China's chemical fertilizer production capacity was only 6,000 tons, far from meeting the demand. In 1949, when the new China was first built, it was listed as a strategic resource, and the power of the whole country increased production, and spared no effort to use extremely valuable foreign exchange imports. Beginning in the 1950s, with the representatives of Hou Debang and other scientists as the main representative, the company developed the fertilizer technology with Chinese characteristics - "carbonization method" to prepare ammonium bicarbonate, and built a modern and innovative nitrogen fertilizer industry system. Phosphate fertilizer has been explored for half a century from superphosphate-calcium-magnesium-phosphorus fertilizer-nitrophosphate-ammonium phosphate-composite fertilizer. The potash industry started from the exploration of the Chaer Khan dry salt lake in Qinghai in 1956, and it was successfully developed in the early 2000s. After the process of selecting the cold crystallization, mass production began. In 1990, China surpassed the former Soviet Union to become the world's largest nitrogen fertilizer producer. In 2005, China's phosphate fertilizer production surpassed that of the United States to become the world. The development process of the fertilizer industry is a successful example of the combination of the introduction and innovation of the new Chinese people and the government, and the efforts of the whole country to solve major problems, and to ensure that the people are well fed and the national economy is stable.

The reduction and increase of fertilizers is an inevitable requirement for the green development of agriculture. In the 1990s, China's chemical fertilizers began to be applied in large quantities. In 2015, the total amount of agricultural fertilizers was 54.16 million tons, which became a country with a high global fertilizer consumption, 3.4 times the global average, 3.4 times that of the United States, and 27 times that of Africa. Although fertilizer itself is not harmful, the application of more than crops will cause resource and environmental problems. At present, the main contradiction of China's agriculture has changed from a lack of total to a structural contradiction. Agricultural development faces new challenges such as the rise of production costs “floor” and the “hard constraints” of resources and environment. In recent years, the country has implemented soil testing and formula fertilization and zero growth of fertilizer use by 2020, and strives to optimize nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and medium in different regions according to different crop fertilizer requirements, soil fertilization characteristics and fertilizer effects. The application of trace elements and organic fertilizers achieves the goal of weight loss and efficiency improvement.

The rural revitalization was mentioned at the strategic height, and the 20-word general requirements for industrial prosperity, ecological livability, rural civilization and effective governance were clearly put forward, which set clear priorities for the development of agricultural and rural economy in the new era and pointed out the direction. Zero growth in fertilizer use is the only way to achieve agricultural transformation and green development. On the basis of ensuring national food security, we must adhere to quality, efficiency, and green orientation, and closely focus on changes in market demand, with the main goal of improving quality and efficiency, saving costs and increasing efficiency, ensuring effective supply, and increasing farmers' income. Optimized structure reduction, fertilization reduction, organic fertilizer replacement reduction, arable land quality improvement, increase fertilizer utilization efficiency, promote agricultural sustainable conversion from excessive dependence on resource consumption, pursue a green ecology, and develop a product, product safety, A road to modern agricultural development with resource conservation and environmental friendliness.